[The figure of the head of service (Chairman): what profile should have?]. / La figura del Jefe de Servicio: qué perfil debe de tener?

Great social-health care changes in the short term have been predicted that will seriously affect the departmental structure and care hierarchy of future hospital, universitary, public or private. The Spanish Association of Urology (AEU) wondered whether in these circumstances, in which the welfare and economic management of the hospital so-called "industrial" will dominate over other traditional aspects of the scientific hierarchy, social welfare and teaching of head Urology of service, will change his image, goals, functions, and ultimately its authority. Likewise which must be the attributes of this new generation of department heads. To this end the AEU call a roundtable requesting opinions and comments which are reflected in the enclosed text.

La figura del Jefe de Servicio: ¿qué perfil debe de tener? / The figure of the head of service (chairman): what profile should have?

Se prevén grandes cambios socio sanitarios a corto plazo que afectarán seriamente la estructura departamental y jerarquía asistencial del hospital futuro, universitario público o privado. La Asociación Española de Urología se pregunta si en estas circunstancias, en la que la gestión asistencial y economicista del hospital así llamado 'industrial' dominará sobre otros aspectos tradicionales de la jerarquía científica, asistencial y docente del jefe de servicio, modificará su imagen, objetivos, funciones, y en definitiva su autoridad. Así mismo cuales han de ser los atributos de esta nueva generación de jefes de servicio. Para ello la A.E.U. convocó una mesa redonda solicitando opiniones y comentarios que se recogen en el texto adjunto (AU)

Great social-health care changes in the short term have been predicted that will seriously affect the departmental structure and care hierarchy of future hospital, universitary, public or private. The Spanish Association of Urology (AEU) wondered whether in these circumstances, in which the welfare and economic management of the hospital so-called 'industrial' will dominate over other traditional aspects of the scientific hierarchy, social welfare and teaching of head Urology of service, will change his image, goals, functions, and ultimately its authority. Likewise which must be the attributes of this new generation of department heads. To this end the AEU call a roundtable requesting opinions and comments which are reflected in the enclosed text (AU)

Manejo perioperatorio y resultados en pacientes con neovejiga ileal ortotópica / Orthotopic ileal neobladder. Postoperative management and results

La reconstrucción del tracto urinario tras la cistectomía radical ha evolucionado desde la simple derivación urinaria hasta la reconstrucción anatómica y funcional del mismo lo más próxima posible al estado preoperatorio del paciente. En los últimos 20 años, la reconstrucción ortotópica ha pasado de cirugía experimental a ser el método preferido de derivación urinaria en ambos sexos. Los urólogos que realizan este tipo de intervención deben tener experiencia en cirugía pélvica y ser capaces de realizar una cistectomía con preservación nerviosa. Sin embargo, lo más importante en estos enfermos es el manejo postoperatorio, para lo cual se requiere un profundo conocimiento de la fisiología de la neovejiga, sus posibles complicaciones y tratamientos. Revisamos en este artículo los principales aspectos del manejo postoperatorio de los pacientes con neovejiga ileal. También se revisan los resultados de la técnica a largo plazo con respecto a continencia, función sexual, preservación de función renal, control oncológico y calidad de vida de los pacientes (AU)

Urinary diversion after cystectomy have evolved from simple diversion and protection of the upper tracts to functional and anatomic restoration as close as possible to the natural preoperative state. Over the past15 years, orthotopic reconstruction has evolved from “experimental surgery” to the “preferred method of urinary diversion” in both sexes. Urologist that perform this technique should have an appropriate experience with pelvic surgery and be able to perform a nerve sparing radical cystectomy. Nevertheless, the postoperative management of these patients is more important than the surgical construction if good longterm results are to be achieved. For this reason, a great knowledge about the neobladder´s physiology, postoperative complications and their treatment are needed. We review the most important aspects in the postoperative management of patients with ileal neobladder. We also resume the long term outcomes concerning to continence, sexual function, renal impairment, oncologic safety and quality of life (AU)

[Amyloidosis secondary to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a case report and review of the literature]. / Amiloidosis secundaria a pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare entity characterized by the formation of inflammatory renal masses rich in macrophages loaded with lipids. It is usually secondary to repeated urinary infections and urinary obstruction due to stones, which produce slow destruction of the renal parenchyma, requiring nephrectomy. It may sometimes be associated to secondary amyloidosis that leads to the appearance of a nephrotic syndrome. We have conducted a search in the Medline database between the years 1967 and 2003 and we only found 6 cases in adults and 3 cases in pediatric patients with amyloidosis secondary to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. During this same period, there are more than 570 citations that include more than 1,000 patients with isolated XGP, so that we estimate that amyloidosis that complicates a XGP should be less than 1% of all the XGP cases. We present a case of XGP in a 51 year old female patient associated to amyloidosis that initiated with nephrotic syndrome, analyzing the clinical characteristics of the 9 previous cases. We compared their clinical characteristics with those of 51 patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis without amyloidosis of a large classical series in order to characterize this clinical picture better.

Amiloidosis secundaria a pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Amyloidosis secondary to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a case report and review of the literature

La pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa (PXG) es una rara entidad caracterizada por la formación de masas renales inflamatorias ricas en macrófagos cargados con lípidos, habitualmente secundaria a infecciones urinarias de repetición y a obstrucción urinaria por cálculos, que produce destrucción lenta del parénquima renal precisando nefrectomía. Ocasionalmente puede asociarse a amiloidosis secundaria que induce la aparición de un síndrome nefrótico. Hemos realizado una búsqueda en la base de datos Medline entre los años 1967 y 2003 y sólo hemos encontrado 6 casos en adultos y 3 en pacientes pediátricos que presentarán una amiloidosis secundaria a una PXG. En este mismo período de tiempo hay más de 570 citas que incluyen a más de 1.000 pacientes con PXG aislada, por lo que estimamos que la amiloidosis que complica a una PXG debe ser menor de un 1% de todos los casos de PXG. Presentamos un caso de PXG en una paciente de 51 años asociado a amiloidosis que comenzó con síndrome nefrótico, analizamos las características clínicas de los 9 casos previos y las comparamos con las de 51 pacientes con PXG sin amiloidosis de una serie clásica numerosa con objeto de caracterizar mejor este cuadro clínico

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare entity characterized by the formation of inflammatory renal masses rich in macrophages loaded with lipids. It is usually secondary to repeated urinary infections and urinary obstruction due to stones, which produce slow destruction of the renal parenchyma, requiring nephrectomy. It may sometimes be associated to secondary amyloidosis that leads to the appearance of a nephrotic syndrome. We have conducted a search in the Medline database between the years 1967 and 2003 and we only found 6 cases in adults and 3 cases in pediatric patients with amyloidosis secondary to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. During this same period, there are more than 570 citations that include more than 1,000 patients with isolated XGP, so that we estimate that amyloidosis that complicates a XGP should be less than 1% of all the XGP cases. We present a case of XGP in a 51 year old female patient associated to amyloidosis that initiated with nephrotic syndrome, analyzing the clinical characteristics of the 9 previous cases. We compared their clinical characteristics with those of 51 patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis without amyloidosis of a large classical series in order to characterize this clinical picture better

[Giant renal oncocytoma]. / Oncocitoma renal gigante.

Renal oncocytoma is a benign neoplasms arising from cells of the distal renal tubule. They acount for 3-7% of all renal tumors. most are incidental findings. Differential diagnosis with renal cells carcinoma is often difficult. Here we report a case of big renal oncocytoma as an incidental finding while performing an abdominal ultrasound in a patient with low abdominal pain. We also review the diagnostic an therapeutic approach in this kind of malignancies.

Oncocitoma renal gigante / Giant renal oncocytoma

El oncocitoma renal es un tumor benigno derivado de las células del túbulo renal distal. Aunque no es muy frecuente, representa entre el 3-7 % de las masas renales. La mayoría de las ocasiones se presenta como un hallazgo incidental en pruebas de imagen realizadas por otros motivos. El diagnóstico diferencial preoperatorio con el carcinoma de células renales es complejo y a menudo sólo se puede confirmar después de la cirugía. Presentamos un caso clínico de oncocitoma renal de gran tamaño diagnosticado mediante una ecografía abdominal realizada por molestias en hipogastrio. Revisamos el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico de este tipo de tumores (AU)

Renal oncocytoma is a benign neoplasms arising from cells of the distal renal tubule. They acount for 3-7% of all renal tumors. Most are incidental findings. Differential diagnosis with renal cells carcinomais often difficult. Here we report a case of big renal oncocytoma as an incidental finding while performingan abdominal ultrasound in a patient with low abdominal pain. We also review the diagnostican therapeutic approach in this kind of malignancies (AU)

[Proceedings in the implantation of a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy program]. / Implantación de un programa de prostatectomia radical laparoscópica.

OBJECTIVE: To describe our proceedings in the implatation of our laparoscopic radical prostatectomy program (LRP). METHODS: Our working agenda and step-oriented implementation of our LRP program are shown. RESULTS: Four main steps were scheduled to acomplish this goal. These were: Preparatory phase, programed open conversion, development and analysis. Overlapping of each of these phase occured although their major content run on a time-basis. After basic skills acquisition and updating of our equipment we moved into the fixed-time open conversion we allowed us to progresively improve our performance without putting our patients into risks. Operative time of this phase exceeds that of our open cases in 63 minutes and no major complications took place. A rapid decrease in the operative time was noted after the first 15 cases (197' vs 264'). CONCLUSION: Implantation of a program of LRP can be done safely with a pre-planned program tailored to the needs and characteristics of each group and institution.

Implantación de un programa de prostatectomía radical laparoscópica / Proceedings in the implantation of a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy program

Objetivo: Exponer la implantación de nuestro programa de prostatectomía radical laparoscópica (PRL). Material y métodos: Se presenta la metodología y el plan de trabajo seguido en nuestro Centro. Resultados. La implantación del programa de PRL se hace en diferentes de fases coincidentes de manera parcial cronológicamente: fase de preparatoria, fase de reconversión programada, fase de desarrollo y fase de análisis. La primera es un periodo de aprendizaje de la técnica laparoscópica y de adquisición de equipamiento. La fase de reconversión realizada sobre nueve pacientes supone el comienzo de la técnica laparoscópica con una limitación en el tiempo para evitar alargamiento del tiempo quirúrgico y morbilidad. En nuestra experiencia, el incremento medio de tiempo quirúrgico ha sido de 63 minutos respecto a la prostatectomía radical abierta y no hemos tenido complicaciones mayores en este periodo. El tiempo quirúrgico medio disminuyó rápidamente tras los primeros 15 pacientes (197’ vs 264’). Conclusiones: La implantación de un programa de PRL es factible sin que conlleve riesgos añadidos a los pacientes haciéndolo mediante una planificación ordenada previamente que se debe ajustar a las particularidades de cada grupo e institución (AU)

Objective: To describe our proceedings in the implatation of our laparoscopic radical prostatectomy program (LRP). Methods: Our working agenda and step-oriented implementation of our LRP program are shown. Results: Four main steps were scheduled to acomplish this goal. These were: Preparatory phase, programed open conversion, development and analysis. Overlapping of each of these phase occured although their major content run on a time-basis. After basic skills acquisition and updating of our equipment we moved into the fixed-time open conversion we allowed us to progresively improve our performance without putting our patients into risks. Operative time of this phase exceeds that of our open cases in 63 minutes and no major complications took place. A rapid decrease in the operative time was noted after the first 15 cases (197’ vs 264’). Conclusion: Implantation of a program of LRP can be done safely with a pre-planned program tailored to the needs and characteristics of each group and institution (AU)

[Treatment with sildenafil of cold glands syndrome after inflatable penile prosthesis]. / Tratamiento con sildenafilo del síndrome de glande frío tras implante de prótesis hidráulica de pene.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of sildenafil on the response of glans penis during sexual intercourse in patients with penile prosthesis who show cold glans syndrome symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourteen patients who had undergone three-piece inflatable penile prosthesis implantation were evaluated. In spite of the normal functioning of the device all of them complained of a degree of dissatisfaction during SI due to a lack of engorgement in the glans penis. The patients were advised to have a dose of 100 mg VO sildenafil about 45 minutes before activating the PP and starting SI. All of them followed this scheme at least three times. They ticked questions 7, 8, 13 and 14 of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire with/without having had sildenafil. RESULTS: Twelve out of thirteen patients (85.7%) indicated a more pleasant SI on sildenafil. It was related to an increase in penile glans engorgement and sensitivity. The scores obtained in the IIEF questions showed a significant increase on taking sildenafil. The partners also talked of a more comfortable SI that they related to a less painful penetration. Sildenafil-related morbidity was not found. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil could be used to improve functional results of the penile prosthesis in those patients with CGS and seems to increase satisfaction during SI.

Tratamiento con sildenafilo del síndrome de glande frio tras implante de prótesis hidráulica de pene / Treatment with sildenafil of cold glands síndrome after inflatable penile prosthesis

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de sildenafilo en la respuesta peneana glandular durante la relación sexual (RS) en pacientes con prótesis de pene que muestran síntomas sugerentes de síndrome de glande frío (SGF). MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Evaluamos catorce pacientes a quienes se había implantado una prótesis de pene (PP) hidráulica de tres piezas. A pesar de un funcionamiento normal del dispositivo, todos los pacientes se quejaban de diversos grados de insatisfacción durante la RS debido a falta de incremento de volumen en glande. Se recomendó a los pacientes la ingestión de una dosis de 100 mg de sildenafilo unos 45 minutos antes de activar la PP e iniciar la RS. Todos ellos siguieron este esquema al menos en tres ocasiones. Respondieron las cuestiones 7, 8, 13 y 14 del Índice Internacional de Función Eréctil (IIEF) con/sin dosis previa de sildenafilo. RESULTADOS: Doce de los catorce pacientes (85,7%) indicaron una RS más placentera tras ingerir sildenafilo. Este hecho fue relacionado especialmente con un incremento en la sensibilidad y volumen del glande. Las puntuaciones obtenidas en las cuestiones del IIEF mostraron un incremento significativo al tomar sildenafilo. Las parejas también referían una RS más confortable que relacionaron con una PV menos dolorosa. No se objetivó morbilidad relacionable con sildenafilo. CONCLUSIONES: Sildenafilo puede ser utilizado para mejorar los resultados funcionales de las PP en pacientes con síndrome de glande frío y parece incrementar la satisfacción durante la RS

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of sildenafil on the response of glans penis during sexual intercourse in patients with penile prosthesis who show cold glans syndrome symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourteen patients who had undergone three-piece inflatable penile prosthesis implantation were evaluated. In spite of the normal functioning of the device all of them complained of a degreeof dissatisfaction during SI due to a lack of engorgement in the glans penis. The patients were advised to have adose of 100 mg VO sildenafil about 45 minutes before activating the PP and starting SI. All of them followed this scheme at least three times. They ticked questions 7, 8, 13 and 14 of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire with/without having had sildenafil. RESULTS: Twelve out of thirteen patients (85,7%) indicated a more pleasant SI on sildenafil. It was related toan increase in penile glans engorgement and sensitivity. The scores obtained in the IIEF questions showed a significant increase on taking sildenafil. The partners also talked of a more comfortable SI that they related to aless painful penetration. Sildenafil-related morbidity was not found. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil could be used to improve functional results of the penile prosthesis in those patients with CGS and seems to increase satisfaction during SI

[Neurostimulation and neuromodulation in urinary incontinence]. / Neuroestimulación y neuromodulación en la incontinencia urinaria.

Electric stimulation in Urology has undergone considerable development since the 1970s. The implantation methods for urinary system stimulation are used for bladder emptying in neurogenic bladders (Neurostimulation) or the modulation of the electrical transmission of the voiding cycle caused by chronic detrusor-sphincter dysfunction (Neuromodulation). Both techniques have in common the direct stimulation of the sacral roots, responsible for the urinary reflex arc. The first of them works via external stimulation over an implanted antenna, and the second via permanent stimulation through an implanted pacemaker. We review in this article the indications, technique and results of both therapies, specially focused on the Spanish experience.

[Prostate cancer in the Community of Madrid in the year 2000. III. Study of tumor extent]. / El cáncer de próstata en la Comunidad de Madrid en el año 2000. III--Estudio de extensión tumoral.

OBJECTIVE: To identify a potential relationship between two variables, risk of metastasis and use of imaging techniques, in an extension study in prostate cancer patients diagnosed in the Autonomous Community of Madrid in 2000. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 1,127 patients with available data on the tumour extension study were analysed. Performance and non performance of bone scans and CTs were correlated to risk variables for developing metastasis as described in the literature (PSA, Gleason and stage) and to therapy administered. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with risk variables for metastasis when bone scans were performed was between 7% to 14% greater than in patients with no variables. No differences were seen for CTs based on risk variables. With matching risk variables, more imaging techniques were used in patients receiving radiotherapy that in those managed with prostatectomy. CONCLUSION: Based on current recommendations imaging techniques were used in excess in the extension study in patients with no risk variables for metastasis. Conduct of a further study in the Autonomous Community seems advisable to confirm the likelihood of implementing such recommendations considering our prevalence of metastatic disease.

[Prostate cancer in the Community of Madrid in the year 2000. IV. Treatment]. / El cáncer de próstata en la Comunidad de Madrid en el año 2000. IV Tratamiento.

OBJECTIVE: To know the therapeutic options used in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer in the Autonomous Community of Madrid in 2000. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 1,745 patients referred by hospitals taking part in the study. Data on treatment used was available for 1,104 (63%) patients. Treatment modality was correlated to clinical stage and patient age. RESULTS: Most frequent choice was hormone therapy (35%) followed by radical prostatectomy (34%) and radiotherapy (25%). Prostatectomy was most commonly used in patients with localised (42.3%) disease while hormone therapy was preferred for locally advanced (45.6%) or disseminated (94%) disease. There are significant differences in therapeutic indications between the various Health areas participating in the survey. Median age of patients with localised and locally advanced disease was lower in patients managed with prostatectomy (65 and 64 years, respectively) than in those managed with radiotherapy (70 and 69 years, respectively). CONCLUSION: The therapeutic modality indicated by urologists in the Madrid Autonomous Community for managing patients with prostate cancer generally meets with literature recommendations.

[The prostate cancer in the community of Madrid in 2000 I.- Incidence]. / El cáncer de próstata en la Comunidad de Madrid en el año 2000. I--Incidencia.

OBJECTIVE: To know the incidence in the year 2000 of prostate cancer in the Autonomous Community of Madrid and its breakdown by Health Areas. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Study of histologically confirmed prostate cancer case reports and retrospective data acquisition for 2000 in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, both from Public and Private Health Care hospitals. RESULTS: Gross incidence of prostate cancer in the Autonomous Community of Madrid was 100.4 cases per 100,000 males. The incidence adjusted for the Spanish, European and Worldwide population was 120.1, 103.5 and 68.6 cases per 100,000 males, respectively. Mean age at diagnosis was 70 +/- 7.8 (40-94) years, median of 70 years. The age group with higher incidence was 70 to 79 years. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of prostate cancer in the Autonomous Community of Madrid is lower than that in the US but higher than in most countries or regions in the EU. The different way of using PSA testing in the Health Areas of the Autonomous Community may explain the differences seen in terms of incidence by Area.

[The prostate cancer in the community of Madrid in 2000. II Presentation and diagnosis]. / El cáncer de próstata en la Comunidad de Madrid en el año 2000. II--Presentación y diagnóstico.

OBJECTIVE: To know the presentation form, diagnostic method and clinical stage at the time of diagnosis in subjects with prostate cancer (PC) in the Autonomous Community of Madrid in 2000. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Data from 1745 patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer obtained from 15 Hospitals participating in the study was analysed. The variables studied were: associated disease, reason for visiting the hospital, digital rectal examination (DRE), PSA, diagnostic method, graded Gleason score, tests performed in the tumoral extension study and tumour staging. The qualitative variables are given in percentages of the overall number and the quantitative variables are expressed as the median, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values and 25%, 50% (median) and 75% percentiles. RESULTS: 67% cases had an associated disease. In most (75%) patients the reason for visiting the hospital was prostatic syndrome. DRE revealed that 42.7% has no tumour. At the time of diagnosis half the patients had PSA levels lower than or equal to 11 ng/ml. Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy was used for diagnosis in 93% subjects. The most commonly reported Gleason scores were 6 (31.3%) and 7 (28.7%). In 75% subjects the disease was considered to be clinically limited to the prostate, in 12.5% locally advanced and in 12.5% metastatic. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients came to the hospital because of symptoms not related to PC. Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy is confirmed as the choice technique for PC diagnosis. When a comparison is made to historical series in our Autonomous Community a pattern of earlier diagnosis can be seen.

El cáncer de próstata en la Comunidad de Madrid en el año 2000.III.- Estudio de extensión tumoral / Prostate cancer in the autonomous community of Madrid in 2000. III.- Tumour extension study

OBJETIVO: Conocer si existe relación entre las variables de riesgo de metástasis y la utilización de las pruebas de imagen en el estudio de extensión de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata diagnosticados en la Comunidad de Madrid en el año 2000. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se analizaron 1.127 pacientes en los que se conocían los datos sobre el estudio de extensión tumoral. Se relacionó la realización o no de gammagrafía ósea y tomografía computarizada con las variables de riesgo de presentar metástasis descritas en la literatura (PSA, Gleason y estadio) y con el tratamiento aplicado. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de pacientes con variables de riesgo de metástasis en los que se realizó gammagrafía ósea fue superior entre un 7 por ciento y 14 por ciento que los que no las presentaban. No existió diferencias en la realización de tomografía computarizada en función de las variables de riesgo. En los pacientes tratados con radioterapia se realizaron más pruebas de imagen en igualdad de variables de riesgo que en los tratados mediante prostatectomía. CONCLUSIÓN: Según las recomendaciones de la literatura se utilizaron un excesivo número de pruebas de imagen en el estudio de extensión en los pacientes sin variables de riesgo de metástasis. Sería conveniente la realización de un estudio a nivel de nuestra Comunidad para comprobar si con nuestra prevalencia de enfermedad metastásica es posible aplicar dichas recomendaciones (AU)